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1. National Strategy for Homeland Security, Office of Homeland Security, White House, July 2002.
2. Ibid.
3. S. Jaschik, ‘‘Homeland Security and the American Campus,’’ Priorities, Association of Governing Boards, No. 23 (Spring 2004).
4. National Research Council, ‘‘Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism’’ (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002).
5. Ibid.
6. B. S. Bloom, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Objectives (New York: McKay, 1965).
7. E. J. Simpson, ‘‘The Classification of Educational Objectives in the Psychomotor Domain,’’ in The Psychomotor Domain, Vol. 3, (Washington, DC: Gryphon House, 1972), pp. 43–56.
8. www.training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu/.
9. National Research Council, ‘‘Making the Nation Safer.’’
10. www.homelandsecurity.osu.edu/NACHS.
11. National Research Council, ‘‘Making the Nation Safer.’’

56. The Future of HLS Education - Joseph Vorbach
1. For an overview of the ongoing transformation in DOD, see Arthur K. Cebrowski, ‘‘Transformation and the Changing Character of War,’’ Officer (July–August 2004).
2. Richard H. Ullman, ‘‘Redefining Security,’’ International Security 8:1 (Summer 1983): 129.
3. Ibid., p. 133.
4. See, e.g.: Netta Crawford, ‘‘Once and Future Security Studies,’’ Security Studies 1 (Winter 1991). Stephen M. Walt, ‘‘The Renaissance of Security Studies,’’ International Studies Quarterly 35 (June 1991). Helga Haftendorn, ‘‘The Security Puzzle,’’ International Studies Quarterly 35 (March 1991). Joseph S. Nye, Jr., and Sean M. Lynn-Jones, ‘‘International Security Studies: A Report of a Conference on the State of the Field,’’ International Security 12:4 (Spring 1988): 5–27. Peter Andreas and Richard Price, ‘‘From Warfighting to Crime Fighting: Transforming the American National Security State,’’ International Studies Review 3:3 (Fall 2001): 31. Andreas and Price note a ‘‘growing gap between traditional security concepts and paradigms and the contemporary practice of security.’’
5. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), ‘‘Drug Control: Assets DOD Contributes to Reducing the Illegal Drug Supply Have Declined,’’ GAO/NSIAD-00-9 (21 December 1999). This report confronts the issue faced by a defense department with a continually widening array of obligations related to nontraditional threats.
6. See Lawrence Freedman, ‘‘International Security: Changing Targets,’’ Foreign Policy (Spring 1998): 53. Freedman articulated the concern of traditionalists: ‘‘Once anything that generates anxiety or threatens the quality of life in some respect becomes labeled a ‘security problem’ the field risks losing all focus.’’
7. See Marc A. Levy, ‘‘Is the Environment a National Security Threat?’’ International Security 20:2 (Fall 1995). See also Erik K. Stern, ‘‘The Case for Comprehensive Security,’’ in Daniel H. Deudney and Richard A. Matthew (eds.), Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), pp. 135–142.
8. See, e.g., Peter J. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996). See also Keith Krause and Michael C.Williams (eds.), Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).
9. Richard K. Betts, ‘‘Should Strategic Studies Survive,’’ World Politics 50 (October 1997): 9.
10. Although the term homeland security seems to be associated with the United States since 9/11, the lessons learned from the efforts of other nations must be a component of a robust program of strategic studies in homeland security.
11. Fiscal realities may require the augmentation of a full residential program with a combination of distance-learning approaches, a relaxation of residential requirements. A shorter ‘‘command and staff’’ program attended by midlevel leaders may be an appropriate, albeit incremental, strategy.
12. One example of an effort to institute strategic renewal in a public organization is the U.S. Coast Guard’s Evergreen Project, which focuses on scenario-based planning and the ability to know, shape, create, manage, and position an organization for future success.
13. DHS has developed prototype courses that bring mid- and senior-level leaders together for, among other things, team building and analysis of shared challenges. These programs should be expanded and established more formally.
14. Doing so will be consistent with ‘‘DHS Strategic Plan—Securing Our Homeland,’’ which includes the strategic goal of organizational excellence and sets out to create a leadership development curriculum for all department executive managers and supervisors.
15. For example, the Web sites of the National Academic Consortium for Homeland Security at http://homelandsecurity.osu.edu/NACHS/ and the Northern Command Homeland Security/Defense Education Consortium at www.hsdec.org/ (accessed 13 September 2004).
16. See, e.g., Center for Unconventional Security Affairs at the University of California-Irvine, www.cusa.uci.edu (accessed 14 September 2004); Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc020211/ridgwayctr.html (accessed 14 September 2004); and Transnational Crime and Corruption Center at American University, www.american.edu/traccc/ (accessed 13 September 2004).
17. 6 USC 188, Public Law 107–296, 25 November 2002, Sec. 308. Conduct of research, development, demonstration, testing, and evaluation. (c) Discretion of secretary.—The Secretary shall have the discretion to establish such centers and to consider additional criteria as necessary to meet the evolving needs of homeland security.’’
18. See David McIntyre, Ph.D., Deputy Director of ANSER Institute for Homeland Security, ‘‘Education for Homeland Security—The Critical Need,’’ ETS News (Winter 2002—2003), at www.homelandsecurity.org/hlscommentary/Education_for_Homeland_Security.htm (accessed 29 August 2004). Few civilians grasp the breadth and sophistication of the U.S. military education program. In contrast to the lack of a nationally accredited or DHS-administered advanced homeland security education program, the U.S. war colleges grant master’s degrees and require graduate-level work. The most promising military officers frequently receive up to three years of full-time resident attendance in civilian master’s or Ph.D. programs. The average midlevel army officer working on plans and budgets in the Pentagon has three to five equivalent years of postgraduate study—a Ph.D. program’s worth of postgraduate schooling in his field. A general devotes a quarter of his career to formal preparation for his position.
19. The nine-month State Department Senior Service seminar, established by President Eisenhower in 1958 and constructed on an interagency teamwork model, should also be considered among the useful examples from the Cold War period.
20. See Captain Robert G. Ross and Commander Peyton M. Coleman, ‘‘The Way Forward: Education and Jointness in Homeland Security—Learning from the Department of Defense,’’ Journal of Homeland Security (May 2003), (accessed
13 September 2004). See also Michael E. Doyle and Greg Stump, ‘‘Why We Need a Homeland Security University,’’ Homeland Defense Journal (December 2003): 22–7.

57. Decision Models for Emergency Response Planning - Richard C. Larson

1. Philip M. Morse and George E. Kimball, Methods of Operations Research (Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press, 1951); republished by Saul I. Gass (ed.) (New York: Dover, 2003).
2. David Lionardt, ‘‘Incremental Analysis, with Two Yards to Go,’’ New York Times (1 February 2004). See also http://espn.go.com/nfl/columns/garber_greg/1453717.html.
3. John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the 1918 Pandemic (New York: Viking Penguin, 2004).
4. Alfred Blumstein et al., Task Force Report: Science and Technology—A Report to the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Prepared by the Institute for Defense Analyses (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967).
5. Richard C. Larson, ‘‘Improving the Effectiveness of New York City’s 911,’’ in A. W. Drake, R. L. Keeney, and P. M. Morse (eds.), Analysis of Public Systems (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1972).
6. C. Schaack and R. C. Larson, ‘‘An N Server Cutoff Priority Queue,’’ Operations Research 34:2 (1986): 257–66. C. Schaack and R. C. Larson,. ‘‘An N Server Cutoff Priority Queue Where Arriving Customers Request a Random Number of Servers,’’ Management Science 35:5 (1989): 614–34. In the following, we show how this would work with data from the Hartford, Connecticut, police department: Stephen R. Sacks, Richard C. Larson, and Christian Schaack, ‘‘Minimizing the Cost of Dispatch Delays by Holding Patrol Cars in Reserve,’’ Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9:2 (1993): 203–24.
7. Richard C. Larson, Urban Police Patrol Analysis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972).
8. Richard C. Larson, ‘‘Public Sector Operations Research: A Personal Perspective,’’ Operations Research 50:1 (2002): 135–45.
9. Richard C. Larson, ‘‘A Hypercube Queuing Modeling for Facility Location and Redistricting in Urban Emergency Services,’’ Journal of Computers and Operations Research 1:1 (1974): 67–95. Richard C. Larson, ‘‘Approximating the Performance of Urban Emergency Service Systems,’’ Operations Research 23:5 (1975): 845–68.
10. Richard C. Larson and E. Franck, ‘‘Evaluating Dispatching Consequences of Automatic Vehicle Location in Emergency Services,’’ Journal of Computers and Operations Research 5 (1978): 11–30.
11. Richard C. Larson, ‘‘Illustrative Police Sector Redesign in District 4 in Boston,’’ Urban Analysis 1:1 (1974): 51–91.
12. Richard C. Larson, ‘‘Measuring the Response Patterns of New York City Police Patrol Cars.’’ New York City Rand Institute R-673-NYC/HUD (1971).
13. Richard C. Larson and T. Rich, ‘‘Travel Time Analysis of New York City Police Patrol Cars,’’ Interfaces 17:2 (1987): 15–20.
14. M. Brandeau and R. C. Larson, ‘‘Extending and Applying the Hypercube Queuing Model to Deploy Ambulances in Boston,’’ in A. Swersey and E. Ignall (eds.), Delivery of Urban Services (New York: North Holland Press, 1986).
15. Stephen R. Sacks and Shirley Grief, ‘‘Orlando Magic: Efficient Design of Police Patrol Districts,’’ OR/MS Today 21:1 (February 1994).
16. Richard C. Larson, ‘‘Hypercube Queuing Model,’’ in Saul I. Gass and Carl M. Harris (eds.), Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science (Boston, Mass.: Kluwer, 2001): 373–7.
17. L. V. Green and P. J. Kolesar, ‘‘Applying Management Science to Emergency Response Systems: Lessons from the Past,’’ Management Science 50:8 (August 2004): 1001–14. P. Kolesar, ‘‘Ten Years of Research on the Logistics of Urban Emergency Services,’’ in J. P. Brans (ed.), Operational Research 1981 (New York: North Holland Press, 1982). P. Kolesar and A. Swersey, ‘‘The Deployment of Urban Emergency Units: A Survey,’’ TIMS Studies in Management Science 22 (1985).
18. P. Kolesar and W. E. Walker, ‘‘An Algorithm for the Dynamic Relocation of Fire Companies,’’ Operations Research 22:2 (March–April 1974): 249–74. W. Walker, J. Chaiken, and E. Ignall (eds.), Fire Department Deployment Analysis (New York: North Holland Press, 1979).
19. McKinsey Report, Increasing FDNY’s Preparedness. See www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/fdny/html/mck_report/index.shtml.
20. Peter Kolesar, personal communication, 10 and 17 August 2004.
21. Michael Metzger, ‘‘Formulating Earthquake Response Models in Iran.’’ Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2004).
22. Richard C. Larson and A. R. Odoni, Urban Operations Research (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1981).
23. P. E. Taylor and S. J. Huxley, ‘‘A Break from Tradition for San Francisco Police: Patrol Officer Scheduling Using an Optimization-Based Decision Support System,’’ Interfaces 19:1 (1989): 4–24.
24. Rajan Batta and Samuel S. Chiu, ‘‘Optimal Obnoxious Paths on a Network: Transportation of Hazardous Materials,’’ Operations Research 36:1 (1988): 4–92. Oded Berman, Z. Drezner, and G. Wesolowsky, ‘‘A Routing and Location on a Network with Hazardous Threats,’’ Journal of the Operational Research Society 51 (2000): 1093–9. Oded Berman, V. Verter, and Y. Bahar, ‘‘Designing Emergency Response Networks for Hazardous Materials Transportation,’’ working paper, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto (2004). Ram Gopalan, Krishna S. Kolluri, Rajan Batta, and Mark H. Karwin, ‘‘Modeling Equity of Risk in the Transportation of Hazardous Materials,’’ Operations Research 38:6 (1990): 961–73. Honghua Jin, Rajan Batta, and Mark H. Karwin, ‘‘On the Analysis of Two Models for Transporting Hazardous Materials,’’ Operations Research 44:5 (1996): 710–23.
25. Lawrence M. Wein and Edward H. Kaplan, ‘‘Unready for Anthrax,’’ Washington Post (28 July 2003): A21.
26. Lawrence M. Wein, David L. Craft, and Edward H. Kaplan, ‘‘Emergency Response to an Anthrax Attack,’’ PNAS 100:7 (1 April 2003): 4347–51.
27. Edward H. Kaplan, William J. Bicknell, and Lawrence M. Wein, ‘‘The Citizen as First Responder.’’ Fox News (13 August 2003). See www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,94665,00.html.
28. United States Postal Service, ‘‘U.S. Postal Service May Deliver Medicine in the Event of a Catastrophic Incident.’’ News release no. 04-015 (18 February 2004).
29. Edward H. Kaplan, David L. Craft, and Lawrence M. Wein, ‘‘Emergency Response to a Smallpox Attack: The Case for Mass Vaccination,’’ PNAS 99:16 (6 August 2002): 10935–40.
30. L. V. Green, ‘‘How Many Hospital Beds? Inquiry (Winter 2002–2003): 400–12. L. V. Green, ‘‘Capacity Planning in Hospitals,’’ in Handbook of Operations Research/ Management Science Applications in Health Care (New York: Kluwer Academic, 2004).
31. D. M. Bravata, K. McDonald, D. K. Owens, E. Wilhelm, M. L. Brandeau, G. S. Zaric, J.-E. C. Holty, H. Liu, and V. Sundaram, Regionalization of Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response (Evidence Report/Technology Assessment) (Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2003). G. S. Zaric, M. L. Brandeau, D. M. Bravata, J.-E. C. Holty, E. R. Wilhelm, K. M. McDonald, and D. K. Owens, ‘‘Modeling the Logistics of Response to Anthrax Bioterrorism,’’ working paper, Stanford University (2004).
32. Qiang Gong, Arun Jotshi, and Rajan Batta, ‘‘Dispatching/Routing of Emergency Vehicles in a Disaster Environment Using Data Fusion Concepts,’’ Proceedings of the International Data Fusion Conference, Stockholm (June 2004).
33. Oded Berman and A. Gavious. ‘‘Location of Bioterror Response Facilities: A Game between State and Terrorist,’’ working paper, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto (2004).
34. B. Thengvall, J. Bard, and G. Yu, ‘‘Multiple Fleet Aircraft Schedule Recovery Following Hub Closures,’’ Transportation Research, Part A 35 (2001): 289–308. B. Thengvall, J. F. Bard, and G. Yu, ‘‘Balancing User Preferences for Aircraft Recovery during Airline Irregular Operations,’’ IIE Transactions on Operations Engineering 32 (2000): 181–93. G. Yu, M. Arguello, M. Song, S. McCowan, and A. White, ‘‘A New Era for Crew Recovery at Continental Airlines,’’ Interfaces 33:1 (2003): 5–22.
35. See www.nyc.gov/html/oem/html/response/calms.html.
36. See www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?content¼3259 (link not current).
37. See www3.ccps.virginia.edu/career_prospects/briefs/E-J/EmergencyManage.html (link not current).