Transmenu powered by JoomlArt.com - Mambo Joomla Professional Templates Club

41. Introduction - Donna Barbisch
42. Introduction to Emergency Response - Ray Lehr

1. See www.interfire.com/res_file/pdf/Tr–049.pdf (link not current).
2. See www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/mck_report/fire_operations_response.pdf .
3. Project SAFECOM: Key Cross-Agency Emergency Communications Effort Requires Stronger Collaboration, GAO–04–494 (Washington, D.C.: GAO, 16 April 2004).

43. National Response Plan, the National Incident Management System and the Federal Response Plan - Claire Rubin and Jack Harrald

1. The National Response Plan (NRP) and the related National Incident Management System (NIMS) can be obtained from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) website: www.dhs.gov/ .
2. Based on NHRAIC, Hazards Observer, July 2004. ‘‘Invited Comment’’ by John R. Harrald and Charles Hess.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Harrald, John R., et al. 2002. Observing and Documenting the Inter-Organizational Response to the September 11th Attack on the Pentagon (15 July). George Washington University Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management.
Hess, Charles. 2004. ‘‘NRP and NIMS.’’ Slide Presentation to the National Response Team (March) at www.nrt.org.
NHRAIC. 2004. Hazards Observer (July). See John R. Harrald and Charles Hess, ‘‘Invited Comment,’’ at www.colorado.edu/hazards.
‘‘NIMS Compliance Assurance Support Tool (NIMCAST),’’ Federal Register, 4 June 2004.
White House. 2003. Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5: Management of Domestic Incidents, at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030228-9.html .

44. Strategies for Pre- and Post Attack Mental/Emotional Health - Terri Tanelian and Brad Stein

1. The article is based on a related work in Milbank Quarterly, September 2004. See also B. D. Stein, T. L. Tanielian, D. P. Eisenman, D. Keyser, M. A. Burnam, and H. A. Pincus, ‘‘Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Response,’’ Milbank Quarterly 82:3 (2004): 413–55.
2. National Research Council, Terrorism: Perspectives from the Behavioral and Social Sciences, N. J. Smelser and F. Mitchell (eds.), (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2002).
3. Tony Blair, speech to joint session, U.S. Congress, 17 July 2003; http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3076253.stm .
4. F. H. Norris, Fifty Thousand Disaster Victims Speak: An Empirical Review of the Empirical Literature, 1981–2001 (Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2001).
5. R. Beaton and S. Murphy, ‘‘Psychosocial Responses to Biological and Chemical Terrorist Threats and Events: Implications for the Workplace,’’ Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 50:4 (2002): 182–9.
6. See the following: L. Abenhaim, W. Dab, and L. R. Salmi, ‘‘Study of Civilian Victims of Terrorist Attacks (France 1982–1987),’’ Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45:2 (1992): 103–9; H. S. Desivilya, R. Gal, and O. Ayalon, ‘‘Extent of Victimization, Traumatic Stress Symptoms, and Adjustment of Terrorist Assault Survivors: A Long-Term Follow-Up,’’ Journal of Trauma and Stress 9:4 (1996): 881–9; T. A. Grieger, C. S. Fullerton, and R. J. Ursano, ‘‘Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alcohol Use, and Perceived Safety after the Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon,’’ Psychiatric Services 54:10 (2003): 1380–2; C. S. North, ‘‘The Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after the Oklahoma City Bombing,’’ Military Medicine 166:12 (Supp.) (2001): 51–2; C. S. North, S. J. Nixon, S. Shariat, et al., ‘‘Psychiatric Disorders among Survivors of the Oklahoma City Bombing,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association 282:8 (1999): 755–62; and D. Reissman, E. Whitney, T. Taylor, et al., ‘‘One-Year Health Assessment of Adult Survivors of Bacillus anthracis Infection,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association 291:16
(2004): 1994–8.
7. M. A. Schuster, B. D. Stein, L. Jaycox, et al., ‘‘A National Survey of Stress Reactions after the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks,’’ New England Journal of Medicine 345:20 (2001): 1507–12.
8. S. Galea, J. Ahern, H. Resnick, et al., ‘‘Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City,’’ New England Journal of Medicine 346:13 (2002): 982–7.
9. W. E. Schlenger, J. M. Caddell, L. Ebert, et al., ‘‘Psychological Reactions to Terrorist Attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans’ Reactions to September 11,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association 288:5 (2002): 581–58.
10. R. C. Silver, E. A. Holman, D. N. McIntosh, et al., ‘‘Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Psychological Responses to September 11,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association 288:10 (2002): 1235–44. See also B. D. Stein, L. H. Jaycox, M. N. Elliott, et al., ‘‘Emotional and Behavioral Impact of Terrorism on Children: Results from a National Survey,’’ Applied Developmental Science.
11. D. Vlahov, S. Galea, J. Ahern, et al., ‘‘Consumption of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana among New York City Residents Six Months after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks,’’ American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
12. P. N. Halkitis, A. H. Kutnick, E. Rosof, et al., ‘‘Adherence to HIV Medications in a Cohort of Men Who Have Sex with Men: Impact of September 11th,’’ Journal of Urban Health 80:1 (2003): 161–6.
13. C. S. North, L. Tivis, J. C. McMillen, et al., ‘‘Psychiatric Disorders in Rescue Workers after the Oklahoma City Bombing,’’ American Journal of Psychiatry 159:5 (2002): 857–9. D. Herman, C. Felton, and E. Susser, ‘‘Mental Health Needs in New York State Following the September 11th Attacks,’’ Journal of Urban Health 79:3 (2002a): 322–31.
14. C. DiGiovanni, Jr., ‘‘The Spectrum of Human Reactions to Terrorist Attacks with Weapons of Mass Destruction: Early Management Considerations,’’ Prehospital and Disaster Medicine: The Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the World Association for Emergency Physicians in Association with the Acute Care Foundation 18:3 (2003): 253–7.
15. Stein et al. (forthcoming).
16. J. A. Shaw, ‘‘Children Exposed to War/Terrorism,’’ Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 6:4 (2003): 237–46.
17. Stein et al. (forthcoming).
18. Galea et al. (2002).
19. Norris (2001).
20. Silver et al. (2002).
21. B. Pfefferbaum, J. A. Call, and G. M. Sconzo, ‘‘Mental Health Services for Children in the First Two Years after the 1995 Oklahoma City Terrorist Bombing,’’ Psychiatric Services 50:7 (1999): 956–8.
22. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Mental Health and Mass Violence: Evidence-Based Early Psychological Intervention for Victims/Survivors of Mass Violence—A Workshop to Reach Consensus on Best Practices (NIMH Publication No. 02-5138) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002).
23. Ritchie E. C., M. Friedman, P. Watson, R. Ursano, S. Wessely, and B. Flynn (2004) Mass Violence and Early Mental Health Intervention: A Proposed Application of Best Practice Guidelines to Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Attacks.
24. J. T. Mitchell, ‘‘When Disaster Strikes: The Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Process,’’ Journal of Medical Emergency Services 8 (1983): 36–9. See also J. T. Mitchell and G. S. Everly, ‘‘Critical Incident Stress Management and Critical Incident Stress Debriefings: Evolutions, Effects, and Outcomes,’’ in B. Raphael and J. P. Wilson (eds.), Psychological Debriefings: Theory, Practice, and Evidence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 71–90.
25. NIMH (2002).
26. B. D. Stein, T. L. Tanielian, M. E. Vaiana, et al., ‘‘The Role of Schools in Meeting Community Needs during Bioterrorism,’’ Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 4:1 (2003), pp. 273–81. See also M. D.Weist, M. A. Sander, N. A. Lever, et al., ‘‘School Mental Health’s Response to Terrorism and Disaster,’’ Journal of School Violence 1:4 (2002): 5–31.
27. W. Goldman, ‘‘Terrorism and Mental Health: Private-Sector Responses and Issues for Policy Makers,’’ Psychiatric Services 53:8 (2002): 941–3.

45. Moving Target: Biological Threats to America - Elin Gursky

1. The paradigm is adapted from the multiple causation model of disease (agent, host, environment).
2. Contagion and Conflict: Health as a Global Security Challenge (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, January 2000).
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), The State of the CDC, Fiscal Year 2003.
4. ‘‘Datapoints: Killer Diseases through Time,’’ Scientist (2 June 2003), www.thescientist.com.
5. World Health Organization, ‘‘Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response,’’ www.who.int/csr/don/archive/year/2004/en/ .
6. Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats: A Prevention Strategy for the United States (Atlanta, Ga.: National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, 1994), www.cdc.gov/ncidod/publications/eid_plan/default.htm .
7. Seth Borenstein, ‘‘World Sees an Explosion in New Infectious Diseases,’’ San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News (4 May 2003).
8. Department of the Treasury, Australian Government, The Economic Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
9. CDC Fact Sheet: Basic Information about SARS (13 January 2004), www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars .
10. Department of the Treasury, Australian Government, The Economic Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
11. James Newcomb, ‘‘Biology and Borders: SARS and the New Economics of Biosecurity,’’ Bio-era (May 2003), www.bio-era.net/research/add_research_9.html .
12. Elin Gursky, ‘‘On the Record,’’ Government Executive (1 October 2003), www.govexec.com/features/0903hs/HS0903Gursky.htm .
13. Board on Global Health, Institute of Medicine, Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003).
14. Ken Alibek, Biohazard (New York: Random House, 1999).
15. ‘‘Biological Weapons Proliferation,’’ Report No. 2000/05, Canadian Security Intelligence Service ‘‘Perspectives’’ (9 June 2000).
16. ‘‘War on Terrorism: Bioterrorism Inexpensive and Spreading, U.S. Says,’’ Cox News Service (27 August 2002).
17. Lisa D. Rotz, Ali S. Khan, Scott R. Lillibridge, Stephen M. Ostroff, and James M. Hughes, ‘‘Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents,’’ Emerging Infectious Diseases 8:2 (February 2002).
18. Ibid.
19. Peter Chalk, ‘‘Hitting America’s Soft Underbelly’’ (RAND National Defense Research Institute, 2004).
20. O. Shawn Cupp, David E. Walker II, and John Hillison, ‘‘Agroterrorism in the U.S.: Key Security Challenge for the 21st Century,’’ Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2:2 (2004).
21. ‘‘Agroterrorism: Threats and Preparedness,’’ Congressional Research Service (13 August 2004), www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32521.pdf .
22. Chalk, ‘‘Hitting America’s Soft Underbelly.’’
23. David A. Ashford, Thomas M. Gomez, Donald L. Noah, Dana P. Scott, and David R. Franz, ‘‘Biological Terrorism and Veterinary Medicine in the United States,’’ Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217:5 (2004): 664–7.
24. Ibid.
25. Jon Wefald (President, Kansas State University), ‘‘Agricultural Biological Weapons Threat,’’ testimony before U.S. Senate Emerging Threats Subcommittee (October 1999).
26. John B. Stephenson (Director, Natural Resources and Environment, Government Accountability Office), ‘‘Drinking Water: Experts’ Views on How Federal Funding Can Best Be Spent to Improve Security’’ (GAO-04-1098T), testimony before Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives (30 September 2004).
27. ‘‘Ten Great Public Health Achievements: United States, 1990–1999,’’ Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Review, 48:12 (2 April 1999): 241–3.
28. Board on Global Health and the Institute of Medicine, Considerations for Viral Disease Eradication: Lessons Learned and Future Strategies-Workshop Summary (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2002).
29. ‘‘Infections: Mumps,’’ KidsHealth for Parents, Nemours Foundation, www.kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/mumps.html .
30. ‘‘U.S. Bioterror Plan Frustrates Industry,’’ New York Times (16 October 2004).
31. Charles A. Janeway, Jr., Paul Travers, Mark Walport, and Mark J. Shlomchik, Immunobiology (New York: GS Garland Science, 2005).
32. Bradley T. Smith, Thomas V. Inglesby, and Tara O’Toole, ‘‘Biodefense R&D: Anticipating Future Threats, Establishing a Strategic Environment,’’ Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 1:3 (2003): 193–201.
33. ‘‘The NIH Biomedical Research Response to the Threat of Bioterrorism,’’ statement of Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., before House of Representatives Select Committee on Homeland Security (3 June 2004).
34. Smith, Inglesby, and T. O’Toole, ‘‘Biodefense R & D.’’
35. Jennifer Couzin, ‘‘Active Poliovirus Baked from Scratch,’’ Science 297 (2002): 174–5, www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5579/174b .
36. National Center for Health Statistics, ‘‘How Healthy Are We?’’ (1 September 2004).
37. USDDHS—Public Health Service, Progress Review: Tobacco Use (14 May 2003), www.healthypeople.gov/Data/2010prog/focus27/default.htm .
38. USDDHS, Healthy People 2010: Leading Health Indicators, www.healthypeople.gov/Document/HTML/uih/uih_4.htm .
39. National Center for Health Statistics, ‘‘How Healthy Are We?’’
40. USDDHS, The State of the CDC, Fiscal Year 2003.
41. USDDHS, Healthy People 2010: Leading Health Indicators.
42. USDDHS, The State of the CDC, Fiscal Year 2003.
43. USDDHS, Healthy People 2010: Leading Health Indicators.
44. USDDHS, The State of the CDC, Fiscal Year 2003.
45. Matthew L. Wynia and Lawrence Gostin, ‘‘The Bioterrorist Threat and Access to Health Care,’’ Science 30 (14 May 2002), www.sciencemag.org .
46. USDDHS, Healthy People 2010: Leading Health Indicators.
47. USDDHS, The State of the CDC, Fiscal Year 2003.
48. Hillel W. Cohen, Robert M. Gould, and Victor W. Sidel, ‘‘The Pitfalls of Bioterrorism Preparedness: The Anthrax and Smallpox Experiences,’’ American Journal of Public Health 94:10 (October 2004).
49. National Center for Health Statistics, ‘‘Disabilities/Limitations.’’
50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ‘‘Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine Contraindications’’ (28 March 2003).
51. Alex R. Kemper, Matthew M. Davis, and Gary L. Freed, ‘‘Expected Adverse Events in a Mass Smallpox Vaccination Campaign,’’ Effective Clinical Practice 5:2 (March–April 2002): 84–90.
52. Deborah Holmes, ‘‘Victory Gardens,’’ Old House Web, www.oldhouseweb.com/gardening/Detailed/757.shtml .
53. See Cold War Civil Defense Museum Web site, www.civildefensemuseum.com/ docs.html .
54. ‘‘Be Prepared—American Red Cross Preparedness Information,’’ www.redcross.org/services/disaster/0,1082,0_500_,00.htm l.
55. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), ‘‘Ready.gov’’ Web site, www.ready.gov/ .
56. President George W. Bush, Securing the Homeland, Strengthening the Nation (2002), pp. 2, 3, www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/homeland_security_book.html .
57. George Rosen, A History of Public Health (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), pp. 1–167.
58. Monica Schoch-Spana, ‘‘Hospital Buckle during Normal Flu Season: Implications
for Bioterrorism Response,’’ Biodefense Quarterly (March 2000).
59. USDDHS, ‘‘Ambulatory Care Visits to Physician Offices, Hospital Outpatient Departments, and Emergency Departments: United States, 1999–2000,’’ Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13, No. 157.
60. Elin Gursky, Drafted to Fight Terror: U.S. Public Health on the Front Lines of Biological Defense (Westport, Conn.: Smith Richardson Foundation, 2004).
61. Congressional Research Service, ‘‘The BioWatch Program: Detection of Bioterrorism’’ (19 November 2003).
62. Elin Gursky, Thomas V. Inglesby, and Tara O’Toole, ‘‘Anthrax 2001: Observations on the Medical and Public Health Response,’’ Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 1:2 (2003).
63. Holly Myers, Elin Gursky, Georges Benjamin, Christopher Guzdor, and Michael Greenberger, ‘‘The Threat of Smallpox: Eradicated but Not Erased,’’ Journal of Homeland Security (February 2004).
64. Institute of Medicine, The Future of the Public’s Health in the Twenty-First Century (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002), www.nap.edu/catalog/10548.html .
65. Gursky, Inglesby, and O’Toole, ‘‘Anthrax 2001.’’
66. Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3.
67. American Red Cross Homeland Security Advisory System Recommendations for Individuals, Families, Neighborhoods, Schools, and Businesses, www.redcross.org/services/disaster/0,1082,0_500_,00.html .
68. U.S. Census Bureau, ‘‘Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000,’’ www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf .
69. Roz D. Lasker (Center for the Advancement of Collaborative Strategies in Health, New York Academy of Medicine), ‘‘Redefining Readiness: Terrorism Planning through the Eyes of the Public’’ (14 September 2004).
70. ‘‘Americans Don’t Trust Public Health in Case of Attack, New York Poll Shows,’’ New York Newsday (24 August 2004).
71. ‘‘Will Public Health’s Response to Terrorism Be Fair?’’ (RAND Center for Domestic and International Health Security, 2004), www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9086/ .
72. Gigi Kwik, Joe Fitzgerald, Thomas V. Ingelsby, and Tara O’Toole, ‘‘Biosecurity: Responsible Stewardship of Bioscience in an Age of Catastrophic Terrorism,’’ Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Science, and Practice 1:1 (2003).
73. Barton Gellman, ‘‘Four Nations Thought to Possess Smallpox: Iraq, North Korea Named, Two Officials Say,’’ Washington Post (5 November 2002).
74. William J. Bicknell, ‘‘The Case for Voluntary Smallpox Vaccination,’’ New England Journal of Medicine 346:17 (25 April 2002): 1323–5.

46. Israeli Hospital Preparedness and Response to Mass Casualty Terrorism - Boaz Tadmor, Shmuel Shapira and Lion Poles